Qos-Aware Routing Protocols In Electromagnetic Nano-Networks: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.4080Keywords:
Energy-Aware Protocols, Networking Protocols, Quality of service (QoS), Routing Protocols, Wireless Sensor Network; Clustering; Optimization; Cross-layer routing; Fuzzy-C Means, Nano-network Nano-communication Routing protocols QoS SLRAbstract
Electromagnetic nano-networks, with their constrained resources and limited communication ranges, are emerging as key enablers in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), spanning biomedical monitoring, environmental sensing, and industrial systems. Ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) in such networks poses significant challenges due to trade-offs among energy efficiency, latency, throughput, and data reliability. This study presents the first systematic literature review (SLR) that comprehensively examines the intersection of QoS and routing protocols in electromagnetic nano-networks. To emphasize the novelty and relevance of the survey, a rigorous SLR methodology was employed to systematically analyze all review papers in the literature from 2015 to 2025. Additionally, to maintain a focus on emerging advancements, the review exclusively targets routing protocols introduced between 2020 and 2025 that have not yet been addressed in prior surveys. Protocols are classified into three communication paradigms—Data-Centric, Peer-to-Peer, and Data Dissemination—forming a novel framework that aligns routing strategies with specific application domains and QoS expectations. The analysis reveals a predominant focus on energy conservation, with less emphasis on latency and throughput optimization, while security remains largely overlooked. Identified research gaps include computational complexity management, thermal regulation, and THz interference mitigation. The study underscores the need for multi-objective routing frameworks that balance QoS metrics and outlines future research directions emphasizing cross-layer optimization, predictive routing, and context-aware communication strategies tailored to the unique constraints of nano-networks.
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